銆涓浗婢抽棬鍦板尯鐜拌鐨勭濠氭硶 锛岄泦涓瀹氬湪銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬鍥涘嵎 " 浜插睘娉 " 鐨勭浜岀紪 " 缁撳 " 缂栫殑绗崄涓绔犱腑 锛屽叡 21 涓潯鏂囥傚叾涓笉浠呭寘鎷叧 浜庣濠氬埗搴﹀疄浣撴柟闈㈢殑瑙勫畾锛岃繕鏈変笉灏戣鑼冪濠氱▼搴忕殑鏉℃銆備竴鑸瀹氥佷袱鎰跨濠氥佽瘔璁肩濠氬拰绂诲鐨勬晥鍔涚瓑鏋勬垚浜嗘境闂ㄥ湴鍖虹濠氭硶鐨勪富瑕佸唴瀹广
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬1628 鏉℃槑纭瀹 锛" 绂诲鍙垎涓轰袱鎰跨濠氬強璇夎绂诲銆 "
涓銆佷袱鎰跨濠 涓ゆ効绂诲鎸囩殑鏄か濡诲弻鏂瑰悓鎰忕殑绂诲銆傘婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬭瀹氱殑涓ゆ効绂诲鍖呮嫭涓夌鎯呭喌 锛 涓鏄か濡诲弻鏂瑰悓鎰忕濠氳 锛屽彲浠ュ悜绠¤緰娉曢櫌鐢宠涓ゆ効绂诲锛 浜屾槸濡傛灉澶鍙屾柟鍚屾剰绂诲 锛屽張鏃犲か濡讳袱浜烘墍鐢熶箣鏈垚骞村瓙濂崇殑 锛屽彲浠ュ悜鏈夋潈闄愮殑姘戜簨鐧昏灞鐢宠涓ゆ効绂诲 锛 涓夋槸璇夎绂诲杞寲涓轰袱鎰跨濠氥傜鈫銆佷笁绉嶆儏鍐靛簲灞炰簬鍙告硶瑁佸喅绋嬪簭鐨勪袱鎰跨濠 锛岀浜岀鎯呭喌搴斿睘浜庤鏀跨櫥璁扮▼搴忕殑涓ゆ効绂诲銆
锛1锛 涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勬潯浠 l銆傜粨濠氭椂闂存潯浠跺弻鏂瑰綋浜嬩汉缁撳宸辨弧娉曞畾鏃堕棿鏄0璇蜂袱鎰跨濠氱殑鍏堝喅鏉′欢銆傘婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1630 鏉¤瀹 锛" 缁撳閫句竴骞翠箣澶 锛屾柟寰楀0璇蜂袱鎰跨濠氥 " 杩欎竴 鏉′欢鏄惁閫傜敤浜庤瘔璁肩濠氳皟瑙f垚涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勬儏鍐碉紝娉曞吀鏈綔瑙勫畾 锛屾垜浠涓轰篃搴旇閫傜敤銆傚洜涓 锛屽鏋滀笉閫傜敤 锛屽綋浜嬩汉渚垮彲浠ュ厛璇夎绂诲 锛岀劧鍚庡啀鍙屾柟鍚屾剰绂诲 锛屼粠鑰岃揪鍒扮粨濠氭湭婊′竴骞村氨瑙i櫎濠氬Щ鍏崇郴鐨勭洰鐨 锛岃繖瀹為檯涓婃槸瀵规硶寰嬬殑涓绉嶈閬匡紝浣垮緱绗 1630 鏉¤瀹氱殑鍔熻兘澶ф墦鎶樻墸銆
2. 鏉冨埄涔夊姟鏉′欢鍙屾柟褰撲簨浜哄繀椤诲氨鍚戦渶瑕佹壎鍏讳竴鏂规彁渚涙壎鍏汇佸鏈垚骞村瓙濂宠浣夸翰鏉冨強瀹跺涵灞呮墍鐨勫綊灞炵瓑闂杈炬垚鍗忚锛岃鍗忚鎵娑夊強鐨勬潈鍒╀箟鍔′笉浠呭绂诲鍚庢湁鏁 锛屼篃鏄濠氱▼搴忓緟鍐虫湡闂寸殑涓存椂鎺柦銆傜敱浜庤鏀跨櫥璁扮▼搴忕殑涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勫墠鎻愭潯浠舵槸鏃犲か濡讳袱浜烘墍鐢熶箣鏈垚骞村瓙濂 锛屾墍浠ュ叾鍗忚涓笉鍖呮嫭瀵规湭鎴愬勾瀛愬コ琛屼娇浜叉潈鐨勫唴瀹广
锛 浜 锛 涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勭▼搴
鏍规嵁 { 婢抽棬姘戞硶鍏搞嬬殑鏈夊叧瑙勫畾 锛屽彲灏嗕袱鎰跨濠氱殑涓鑸▼搴忓綊绾充负澹拌绗竴娆′細璁佺浜屾浼氳銆佸垽鍐虫垨鍐冲畾绛夊嚑涓樁娈点鈶
1. 澹拌涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勫弻鏂 锛屽簲鍚戞湁绠¤緰鏉冪殑娉曢櫌鎴栨湁鏉冮檺鐨勬皯浜嬬櫥璁板眬鎻愬嚭澹拌锛岃姹傛壒鍑嗗崗璁功銆傛彁鍑哄0璇锋椂 锛屽弻鏂规棤椤婚忛湶绂诲鐞嗙敱銆
2. 绗鈫娆′細璁
娉曞畼鎴栨皯浜嬬櫥璁板畼鍦ㄦ帴鑾峰0璇峰悗 锛屽簲鍙泦澶鍙屾柟涓捐绗竴娆′細
璁傚湪浼氫笂棣栧厛搴旇瘯琛岃皟瑙e叾鍜屽ソ銆傝皟瑙d笉鎴愭椂 锛屾硶瀹樻垨姘戜簨鐧昏瀹樺簲 鍦ㄤ細璁笂瀵瑰叾鍗忚杩涜瀹℃煡銆傚鍙戠幇鍗忚涓嶈冻浠ヤ繚闅滃か濡讳竴鏂规垨瀛愬コ鐨勫埄鐩婃椂 锛屾硶瀹樻垨姘戜簨鐧昏瀹樺彲閲囧彇浠ヤ笅鎺柦 锛 鈶鍦ㄤ細涓婂惉鍙栧か濡诲弻鏂
鐨勬剰瑙佸悗 锛屽鍗忚浣滃嚭淇敼 锛 鈶瑕佹眰澶鍙屾柟鍦ㄦ寚瀹氭湡闄愬唴淇敼鍗忚鍐 瀹癸紝濡備笉淇敼 锛屽垯椹冲洖绂诲璇锋眰銆傛寚瀹氫慨鏀瑰崗璁殑鎴鏃ユ湡涓嶈兘鍚庝簬绗 浜屾浼氳涓捐涔嬫棩 锛屼互渚夸簬鍦ㄧ浜屾浼氳涓婂鍏朵慨鏀瑰悗鐨勫崗璁繘琛屽鏌ャ傜鈫娆′細璁槸涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勫繀缁忕▼搴忋傝嚜绗竴娆′細璁妇琛屾棩璧 锛屽か濡诲弻鏂逛腑姝㈠悓灞呬箟鍔 锛屼絾鍙屾柟涓嶅潥鎸佺濠氭剰鍥剧殑闄ゅ銆傜粡杩囩涓娆′細璁 锛屽彲鑳藉嚭鐜颁笁绉嶇粨鏋滐細 绗竴 锛岀粡璋冭В澶鍜屽ソ 锛屽嵆鎾 閿澹拌銆傜浜 锛岃皟瑙d笉鎴 锛屽弻鏂逛粛瑕佹眰绂诲 锛屾湁鍏冲崗璁粡瀹℃煡淇敼鍚庨 杩 锛屾硶瀹樺嵆鍙綔鍑哄垽鍐虫垨姘戜簨鐧昏灞灞闀垮嵆鍙綔鍑哄喅瀹 锛屽垽鍐虫垨鍐冲畾涓簲鍖呮嫭瀹e憡绂诲鍙婂鍗忚鐨勮鍙傚鏋滆涓哄弻鏂硅繕鏈夊拰濂界殑鍙兘锛屼篃鍙笉绔嬪嵆浣滃嚭鍒ゅ喅鎴栧喅瀹 锛岀瓑寰呬妇琛岀浜屾浼氳銆傜涓 锛屽崗璁粡瀹℃煡鏈幏閫氳繃 锛屽湪浼氫笂涔熸湭鑳戒綔鍑轰慨鏀 锛岃姹傚か濡诲弻鏂瑰湪鎸囧畾鏃ユ湡鍐呬綔鍑轰慨鏀 锛岀瓑寰呭彫寮绗簩娆′細璁
3. 绗簩娆′細璁婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1632 鏉¤瀹 锛 濡傛湁澶涓や汉鎵鐢熶箣鏈垚骞村瓙濂 锛屾垨鍦ㄧ涓娆′細璁腑鍙屾柟鏈互鏄庣‘鏂瑰紡琛ㄦ槑褰兼鏃犲拰濂藉彲鑳 锛屽垯娉曞畼鎴栨皯浜 鐧昏瀹』鍦 3-6 涓湀鍐呭彫闆嗕妇琛岀浜屾浼氳 锛屽苟鍦ㄤ細璁笂鍐嶆璇曡璋冭В 澶鍙屾柟鍜屽ソ銆傚鏋滆皟瑙d笉鎴 锛屾硶瀹樻垨姘戜簨鐧昏瀹橀』瀵规湁鍏冲崗璁啀娆¤繘琛屽鏌 锛屾牴鎹儏鍐典綔鍑哄垽鍐虫垨鍐冲畾 锛屾垨鑰呴┏鍥炲綋浜嬩汉鐨勭濠氳姹傘傚彲瑙 锛岀浜屾浼氳涓嶆槸涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勫繀缁忕▼搴忋
4. 鍒ゅ喅鎴栧喅瀹 娉曢櫌鐨勫垽鍐虫垨姘戜簨鐧昏灞灞闀跨殑鍐冲畾鍙兘鍦ㄤ袱鎰跨濠氱▼搴忕殑涓嶅悓闃舵浣滃嚭锛屼絾閮芥槸瀵瑰噯浜堣В闄ゅ濮诲叧绯诲拰鏈夊叧鍗忚鐨勪竴绉嶈鍙 锛岃屼笖璁ゅ彲鍗忚鏄噯浜堢濠氱殑鍓嶆彁銆傛皯浜嬬櫥璁板眬灞闀跨殑鍐冲畾涓庢硶闄㈢殑鍒ゅ喅鍏锋湁鍚岀瓑鐨勬硶寰嬫晥鍔涖
浜屻佽瘔璁肩濠
澶鍙屾柟鑻ュ潥鎸佺濠氳屽張涓嶈兘灏辨湁鍏抽棶棰樿揪鎴愬崗璁 锛屽彧鏈夐氳繃璇夎
绂诲銆
锛1锛夋硶瀹氱殑璇夎绂诲鐞嗙敱
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1635 鏉¤瀹 锛" 澶浠讳竴鏂瑰潎寰楀洜浠栨柟鍦ㄦ湁杩囬敊涓嬭竟鍙嶅か濡讳箟鍔 锛屼笖璇ヨ繚鍙嶄箣涓ラ噸鎬ф垨閲嶅鎬у鑷翠笉鍙兘缁х画鍏卞悓鐢熸椿 锛岃屽0璇风濠氥 " 鎵璋 " 鍦ㄦ湁杩囬敊涓嬭繚鍙嶅か濡讳箟鍔 "锛屾槸鎸囧拰褰撲簨浜虹殑涓昏鎰忓織鏈夊叧绯 锛屼緥濡 锛屽か濡讳竴鏂圭粡甯告鎵撹檺寰呬粬鏂 锛屼娇鍏惰韩蹇冨彈鍒颁弗閲嶄激瀹 锛屾垨渚电姱閰嶅伓浠栨柟鐨勮崳瑾夈佸0瑾夊拰鎰熸儏 锛屼粠鑰岃繚鍙嶄簡澶闂寸殑灏婇噸涔夊姟锛 澶 -鏂逛笌绗笁鑰呴氬ジ 锛屼粠鑰岃繚鍙嶄簡澶闂寸殑蹇犲疄涔夊姟 锛 澶涓鏂规棤 姝e綋鐞嗙敱鑰岀粡甯哥瀹跺嚭璧 锛屼粠鑰岃繚鍙嶄簡澶闂村叡鍚岀敓娲荤殑涔夊姟锛 澶涓鍗忓湪瀹跺涵鐢熸椿鐨勫悇椤逛簨鍔′腑鎵挎媴搴旀壙鎷呯殑璐d换 锛屼粠鑰岃繚鍙嶄簡澶闂寸殑鍚堜綔涔夊姟 锛 澶涓鏂瑰湪鍙︿竴鏂圭敓鐥呮垨鍋ュ悍鐘跺喌涓嶄匠鏃朵笉缁欎簣鍏冲績 锛屽拰鍦 鍚庤呰嫢鏈夊洶闅炬椂涓嶄簣鍏跺簲鏈夌殑甯姪锛屼粠鑰岃繚鍙嶄簡澶闂寸殑甯姪涔夊姟銆
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1637 鏉″張瑙勫畾 锛屼笅鍒楀悇椤逛害涓鸿瘔璁肩濠氫箣鐞嗙敱 锛
l锛 浜嬪疄鍒嗗眳杩炵画 2 骞寸殑銆傚か濡诲弻鏂逛笉鍏卞悓鐢熸椿锛屼笖鍙屾柟鎴栦竴鏂瑰叿鏈 鍏卞悓鐢熸椿鐨勬剰鍥炬椂 锛屽嵆瑙嗕负浜嬪疄鍒嗗眳 锛
2锛変竴鏂瑰け韪笖闊宠鍏ㄦ棤婊 3 骞
3锛夊鏂逛箣绮剧鑳藉姏鍙戠敓鍙樺寲閫 3 骞达紝涓斿洜鍏朵弗閲嶆у鑷翠笉鍙兘缁х画鍏卞悓鐢熸椿 锛屽鏋滃か濡讳竴鏂规湁涓嬪垪鎯呭喌涔嬩竴 锛屽垯涓嶈兘鑾峰噯绂诲 锛 鈶鏇惧攩浣垮鏂逛綔鍑哄琚叾鎻村紩浣滀负璇锋眰绂诲鐞嗙敱鐨勪簨瀹烇紝鎴栨浘鏁呮剰鍒堕犳湁鍒╀簬璇ヤ簨瀹炲彂鐢熺殑鐘跺喌 锛鈶鍦ㄥ彂鐢熸湁鍏充簨瀹炲悗锛屼粠鍏舵湰韬殑琛屼负锛屼粠鍏舵湰韬殑琛屼负 锛屽挨鍏堕忚繃鏄庣ず鎴栭粯绀虹殑鍘熻皡锛岃〃鐜板嚭鍏朵笉璁や负瀵规柟浣滃嚭鐨勪簨瀹炰細濡ㄧ鍏卞悓鐢熸椿鐨 锛岄櫎闈炶 閰嶅伓铏界劧鍘熻皡浜嗗彟涓鏂 锛屼絾鍙︿竴鏂逛粛鐒剁户缁湁鏌愮琛屼负 锛屽缁х画鏁呮剰杩 鍙嶅か濡讳箟鍔°
锛 浜 锛 璇夎绂诲鐨勮姹傛潈
浠ヤ竴鏂规晠鎰忚繚鍙嶅か濡讳箟鍔 锛岃嚧浣垮か濡诲弻鏂逛笉鍙兘缁х画鍏卞悓鐢熸椿涓虹悊
鐢辩殑璇夎绂诲 锛屼粎鍙楀鏂逛负绂诲璇锋眰鏉冧汉銆傚鍙楀鏂瑰洜绮剧澶卞父鑰岃瀹 鍛婄娌讳骇 锛屽垯璇锋眰鏉冧汉涓哄叾娉曞畾浠g悊浜 锛屼絾璇ユ硶瀹氫唬鐞嗕汉椤诲厛鍙栧緱浜插睘浼氳鐨勮鍙傚鏋滃彈瀹虫柟鐨勬硶瀹氫唬鐞嗕汉鏄璇夋柟锛屽垯缁忎翰灞炰細璁鍙殑鍙楀鏂圭殑鐩寸郴琛浜叉垨涓変翰绛夊唴鐨勬梺绯昏浜插彲浠ュ彈瀹虫柟鐨勫悕涔夋彁璧风濠 璇夎銆
濡傛灉澶浜嬪疄鍒嗗眳宸辫繛缁 2 骞 锛屽弻鏂归兘鏈夋潈鎻愯捣绂诲璇夎銆
浠ヤ笂杩扮 2锛 銆 3锛夐」涓虹悊鐢卞0璇风濠氱殑 锛岃姹傛潈浜轰粎涓烘寚鍑轰粬鏂瑰け韪垨绮剧鑳藉姏鍙戠敓鍙樺寲鐨勪竴鏂广傜濠氳姹傛潈涓嶅洜姝讳骸鑰岃浆绉 锛屼絾濡傚師鍛婃垨琚憡鍦ㄦ浠跺緟鍐虫湡闂存浜 锛屾湁鍏宠瘔璁煎緱鐢卞叾缁ф壙浜虹户缁繘琛屻傝繖涓鏂归潰鏄负浜嗕繚鎶ゅ綋浜嬩汉鐨勮储浜у埄鐩婏紝鍙︿竴鏂归潰涔熸湁鍒╀簬婢勬竻浜嬪疄銆佸垎娓呭濮荤牬瑁傜殑璐d换銆
绂诲璇锋眰鏉冪殑闄ゆ枼鏈熼棿涓 3 骞 锛岃嚜澶涓彈瀹虫柟鎴栧叾娉曞畾浠g悊浜虹煡
鎮夊彲浣滀负璇锋眰绂诲鐞嗙敱鐨勪簨瀹炶捣寮濮嬭绠椼
锛 涓 锛 璋冭В鏄瘔璁肩濠氱殑蹇呯粡绋嬪簭
鍦ㄦ境闂ㄥ湴鍖 锛岃皟瑙d笉浠呮槸涓ゆ効绂诲鐨勫繀缁忕▼搴 锛岃屼笖涔熸槸璇夎绂诲鐨勫繀缁忕▼搴忋傘婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1629 鏉℃槑纭瀹 锛" 鍦ㄧ濠氳瘔璁间腑 锛屽繀椤昏瘯 琛岃皟瑙eか濡诲弻鏂广 " 濡傛灉璋冭В涓嶆垚 锛屾硶瀹樺簲灏藉姏浣垮か濡诲弻鏂瑰悓鎰忎袱鎰跨 濠氥 " 璇曡璋冭В " 鏄剧劧鏄寚璋冭В鍙屾柟鍜屽ソ鎾よ瘔銆傝屼笖 锛屽湪璇夎绂诲绋嬪簭杩 琛屼腑鐨勪换浣曟椂鍊 锛屽綋浜嬩汉鍙屾柟閮芥湁鏉冮夋嫨閲囩敤涓ゆ効绂诲鏂瑰紡瑙i櫎鍏堕叕鍏崇郴 锛屼粠鑰屼娇璇夎绂诲杞寲涓轰袱鎰跨濠氥
濡傛灉璋冭В涓嶆垚 锛屽張瀛樺湪娉曞畾鐨勮瘔璁肩濠氱殑鐞嗙敱 锛屽垯娉曢櫌搴斾緷娉曞垽鍐 鍑嗕簣绂诲 锛屽閫氳繃瀹$悊鎵璁ゅ畾鐨勫か濡讳竴鏂规垨鍙屾柟鏈夎繃閿欐垨涓鏂规槸涓昏杩囬敊浜虹殑浜嬪疄 锛屽簲鍦ㄥ垽鍐冲唴璁拌浇娓呮 锛屼綔鍑哄鍛娿傝繃閿欑殑璁ゅ畾瀵瑰綋浜嬩汉鐨勯厤鍋舵潈鍒╂湁鐩存帴鐨勫奖鍝嶃
涓夈佺濠氱殑鏁堝姏
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1643鏉 瑙勫畾浜嗙濠氱殑鏁堝姏鐨勪竴鑸師鍒 锛" 绂诲瑙i攢濠氱儫 锛屼笖鍏锋湁鐩稿悓浜庡洜姝讳骸鑰岃В閿濠氬Щ涔嬫硶寰嬫晥鍔 锛屼絾灞炴硶寰嬭瀹氱殑渚嬪鎯呭喌鑰呴櫎澶栥 " 鎹 锛屽湪婢抽棬鍦板尯 锛岄櫎娉曞緥鍙︽湁瑙勫畾鑰呭 锛屼袱鎰跨濠氬拰璇夎绂诲鐨勬晥鍔涚浉鍚屻備絾鏄 锛岀濠氭晥鍔涘紑濮嬩骇鐢熺殑鏃堕棿 锛屼笉鍚岀殑绂诲妗堜欢涓嶅悓锛屽悓涓绂诲妗堜欢鍙堝洜浜鸿韩鏁堝姏鍜岃储浜ф晥鍔涜屽紓銆傚姝 锛屻婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1644 鏉℃湁鏄庣‘瑙勫畾 锛 绂诲鏁堝姏 锛岃嚜鏈夊叧鍒ゅ喅纭畾鎴栨湁鍏冲喅瀹氭垚涓虹‘瀹氭у喅瀹氫箣鏃ヨ捣浜х敓 锛屼絾瀵逛簬澶闂翠箣璐骇鍏崇郴 锛岀濠氭晥鍔涜拷婧嚦绋嬪簭寮濮嬩箣鏃ャ傚鍦ㄦ湁鍏崇▼搴忎腑璇佸疄澶宸蹭笉鍚屽眳 锛屽垯浠讳竴鏂瑰潎寰楄姹傚皢绂诲 鑷村姏杩芥函鑷冲畬鍏ㄦ垨涓昏鍥犱粬鏂逛箣杩囬敊鑰岄犳垚缁堟鍚屽眳涔嬫棩锛岃鏈熸棩搴斿湪绂诲鍒ゅ喅涓‘瀹氥傜濠氬湪璐骇涓婄殑鏁堝姏 锛屼粎鑷湁鍏冲垽鍐虫垨鍐冲畾琚櫥璁颁箣 鏃ヨ捣 锛屾墠鍙互瀵规姉绗笁浜恒
銆 婢抽棬姘戞硶鍏搞嬪湪 " 绂诲 " 涓绔犱腑铏界劧浠ヤ笓鑺傚 " 绂诲鐨勬晥鍔 " 浣滀簡瑙勫畾 锛屼絾瀹為檯涓 " 浜插睘 " 鍗风殑鍏朵粬閮ㄥ垎 锛屽绗竴绔 " 浜插睘娉曞緥鍏崇郴 " 銆佺涓夌紪 " 浜插瓙鍏崇郴 " 绛夐儴鍒嗛兘鏈夊睘浜庣濠氱殑鏁堝姏鐨勫唴瀹广傚綊绾宠捣鏉ヤ富瑕佸寘鎷互涓嬫柟闈 锛
锛堜竴锛 澶浜鸿韩鏁堝姏
绂诲瑙i櫎浜嗗濮诲叧绯 锛屽洜缁撳鑰屼骇鐢熺殑澶闂寸殑浜鸿韩鏂归潰鐨勬潈鍒╀箟
鍔¢殢涔嬭屾秷鐏 锛屽叿浣撳閰嶅伓涔嬮棿鐨勫皧閲嶃佸繝璇氥佸悓灞呫佸悎浣滅瓑涔夊姟娑堢伃 锛 瀹跺涵浜嬪姟绠$悊鏉冩秷鐏 锛 鍙屾柟鍐嶅鑷敱鏉冩仮澶嶇瓑銆備絾鏄紝涓庡洜濠氬Щ褰撲簨浜烘瑙i攢濠氬Щ鐨勬晥鍔涗笉鍚岀殑鏄 锛" 濠氬Щ鍥犳浜¤岃В閿鏃 锛屽Щ浜插叧绯诲苟涓嶅洜姝ょ粓姝 锛 浣嗗Щ浜插叧绯婚殢绂诲鑰岀粓姝€ " 鈶鍏充簬濮撳悕鏉 锛屽湪瀹e憡绂诲鍚 锛岃嫢閰嶅伓鍚屾剰鎴栨硶闄㈡壒鍑 锛屽か濡讳换涓鏂瑰彲鍦ㄨ嚜宸卞鍚嶄腑淇濈暀宸蹭娇鐢ㄧ殑瀵规皯浣嗘槸 锛屽鏋滃叾浣跨敤涓ラ噸鎹熷鍓嶉厤鍋舵垨鍏跺搴殑绮剧鍒╃泭锛屽墠閰嶅伓鍒欐彁璇锋硶闄㈠墺澶哄叾璇ユ潈鍒┿鈶鏍规嵁銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1539 鏉$殑瑙勫畾锛氶厤鍋朵竴鏂逛繚鐣欏鏂归厤鍋剁殑濮撴皬 锛屽皢浜х敓涓绉嶉棿鎺ョ殑娉曞緥鏁堟灉 锛屽嵆褰撳叾鍐嶅鏃 锛屼笉鑳藉湪鍏跺鍚嶄腑鍔犱笂鐜板閰嶅伓鐨勫姘 锛岄櫎闈炲叾鏀惧純鍓嶉厤鍋剁殑濮撴皬銆
鍏充簬瀹跺涵灞呮墍 锛屼袱鎰跨濠氭椂 锛屽弻鏂圭殑鍗忚涓簲鍖呮嫭瀹跺涵灞呮墍鐨勫綊灞 锛 璇夎绂诲鏃 锛屾硶闄㈠簲鑰冭檻澶鍙屾柟鐨勯渶瑕併佸瓙濂冲埄鐩婂強鍏朵粬鍥犵礌锛屾牴鎹换浣曚竴鏂圭殑璇锋眰鑰屽懡浠ゅ皢瀹跺涵灞呮墍鐨勬埧灞嬬缁欒鏂 锛屽苟浠ュ悎鍚岀殑褰㈠紡鍔犱互瑙勫畾 锛岃屼笉璁烘鎴垮眿鏄弻鏂瑰叡鏈夎繕鏄粬鏂逛釜浜烘墍鏈夈傚鏋滀互鍚庢儏鍐靛彉 鍖 锛屽簲鍑虹浜虹殑瑕佹眰 锛屽簲璇ョ粓姝㈣绉熻祦鍚堝悓銆
锛 浜 锛 澶璐骇鏁堝姏 1. 鎵跺吇涔夊姟
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1555 鏉¤瀹 锛" 澶闂翠汉韬叧绯诲強璐骇鍏崇郴娑堢伃 锛屽洜濠氬Щ瑙i攢鎴栫粨濠氳鎾ら攢鑰岀粓姝 锛屼絾涓嶅奖鍝嶆湰娉曞吀涓湁鍏虫壎鍏昏瀹氫箣閫傜敤銆 " 鏌愪簺鎯呭喌涓嬬殑绂诲 锛屼娇寰椾竴鏂瑰湪绂诲鍚庝粛鏈夋潈璇锋眰瀵规柟鎵跺吇 锛屽涓ゆ効绂诲涓弻鏂归兘鍙悜瀵规柟鎻愬嚭鎵跺吇璇锋眰 锛岄兘鏈夋潈鎺ュ彈瀵规柟鐨勬壎鍏 锛屼袱鎰跨濠氱殑鍗忚涓繀椤绘湁涓鏂瑰悜闇瑕佹壎鍏绘柟鎻愪緵鎵跺吇鐨勫唴瀹癸細 璇夎绂诲涓棤杩囬敊鎴栭潪涓昏杩囬敊涓鏂规湁鏉冭姹傚鏂规壎鍏 锛屼篃鏈夋棤杩囬敊鎴栭潪涓昏杩囬敊涓鏂瑰悜瀵规柟璐熸壎鍏讳箟鍔$殑鐗规畩鎯呭喌瀛樺湪銆傝嚦浜庢壎鍏昏垂鐨勬暟棰 锛岀敱娉曞畼鏍规嵁娉曞緥瑙嗗弻鏂圭殑鍏蜂綋鎯呭喌鑰屽畾銆傛硶瀹橀氬父鑰冭檻鐨勫洜绱犳湁锛 搴旀彁渚涙壎鍏讳竴鏂圭殑缁忔祹鏀跺叆鍜屾湁鏉冩帴鍙楁壎鍏讳竴鏂圭殑 瀹為檯闇瑕 锛 閰嶅伓鍙屾柟鐨勫疄闄呭伐浣滆兘鍔涘強鍙栧緱宸ヤ綔鐨勮祫鏍间笌鑳藉姏 锛 閰嶅伓鍙屾柟鐨勫仴搴风姸鍐 锛 琛屼娇浜叉潈鐨勮兘鍔涘強鍏舵壙鎷呯殑鎶氬吇瀛愬コ鐨勪箟鍔$殑澶氬皯绛夈 鍦ㄩ厤鍋朵竴鏂规湁涔夊姟鎻愪緵鎵跺吇鑰屽張涓嶄富鍔ㄥ饱琛屾椂 锛屽彟涓鏂瑰彲浠ュ悜娉曢櫌璇锋眰寮哄埗鎵ц銆傚鏋滄帴鍙楁壎鍏荤殑涓鏂瑰啀濠氭垨浠庨亾寰蜂笂鑰冭檻鎵跺吇宸变笉蹇呰鏃 锛屽簲缁堟鎵跺吇銆
2. 璐骇鍒嗗壊
绂诲蹇呯劧浼氬鑷村か濡昏储浜х殑鍒嗗壊銆傜濠氬悗 锛屾瘡涓鏂瑰彲浠ュ彇寰楀叾鏈垂
鑷湁璐骇鍙婂叾鍦ㄥか濡诲叡鏈夎储浜т腑鏈夋潈浜湁鐨勯儴鍒嗐傜劧鑰 锛屽叾鑷湁璐弗鎴 浜ф湁澶氬皯 锛屽叾鍦ㄥ叡鏈夎储浜т腑绌剁珶鏈夋潈浜湁澶氬ぇ浠介 锛屽垯鍙栧喅浜庡叾鎵閫夋嫨鐨勫か濡昏储浜у埗搴︺傝屼笖锛" 澶涓瀹e憡涓烘儫涓鎴栦富瑕佽繃閿欎汉涔嬩竴鏂 锛屽湪璐骇鍒嗗壊涓墍鍙栧緱涔嬭储浜 锛屼笉寰楀浜庡鎸夊叡鍚岃储浜у埗缁撳鏃朵細鍙栧緱鐨勮储浜с " 鈶杩囬敊鍘熷垯璐┛璐骇鏁堝姏鐨勫悇涓柟闈€傛牴鎹婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1646 鏉 鐨勮瀹 锛屽か濡讳腑琚鍛婁负鎯熶竴鎴栦富瑕佽繃閿欎汉涔嬩竴鏂 锛岀濠氭椂灏嗕抚澶变粠浠栨柟鎴栫涓変汉澶勬敹鍙栨垨灏嗘敹鍙栫殑涓鍒囧熀浜庤濠氬Щ鑰屼骇鐢熺殑鍒╃泭锛岃屼笖 锛屼笉璁哄鑷翠骇鐢熻繖浜涘埄鐩婄殑绾﹀畾绯诲厛浜庢垨鍚庝簬缁撳琛屼负銆備絾鏄 锛屽か鎴栧鍩轰簬鎵閲囩敤涔嬭储浜у埗鑰屾嫢鏈夌殑鏉冨埄 锛屾垨渚濈ぞ浼氫範鎯屾帴鍙楃殑鎹愯禒 锛屽潎涓嶈涓哄埄鐩娿傛棤杩囬敊鎴栭潪涓昏杩囬敊浜轰箣涓鏂癸紝淇濈暀鍏朵粠浠栨柟鎴栫涓変汉澶勬敹鍙栨垨 灏嗘敹鍙栫殑涓鍒囧埄鐩 锛屽嵆浣胯鍒╃泭鏄互浜掓儬鏉℃璁㈠畾鐨勪害鐒躲備笉杩 锛岃鏃犺繃閿欐垨闈炰富瑕佽繃閿欎汉涔嬩竴鏂瑰彲浠ユ斁寮冭繖浜涘埄鐩 锛屼絾濡傚か濡讳袱浜烘湁鎵鐢熶箣蹇 锛屽垯鎺ㄥ畾鍏舵斁寮冨埄鐩婃槸涓轰簡浣胯瀛愬コ鍙栧緱鏈夊叧鍒╃泭銆
3. 鎹熷璧斿伩
銆 婢抽棬姘戞硶鍏搞嬬 1647 鏉¤瀹 锛 琚鍛婁负鎯熶竴鎴栦富瑕佽繃閿欎汉涔嬩竴鏂瑰拰浠ュ鏂圭簿绁炶兘鍔涘彂鐢熷彉鍖栦负鐞嗙敱璇锋眰绂诲鐨勪竴鏂 锛屽簲寮ヨˉ浠栨柟鍥犵濠氳岄犳垚鐨勯潪璐骇鎹熷銆傝鎹熷璧斿伩鐨勮姹傚簲鍦ㄧ濠氳瘔璁间腑鎻愬嚭銆
锛 涓 锛 绂诲鍚庣埗姣嶄笌瀛愬コ鐨勫叧绯
鏍规嵁銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬殑瑙勫畾 锛屽湪鐖舵瘝濠氬Щ鍏崇郴瀛樼画鏈熼棿鍐 锛屼翰鏉冪敱鐖堕】鏂硅浣裤傜埗姣嶇濠氬悗 锛屼翰鏉冪殑琛屼娇蹇呯劧鍙戠敓鍙樺寲銆
銆婃境闂ㄦ皯娉曞吀銆嬬 1760 鏉¤瀹 锛 鍦ㄧ濠氥佷簨瀹炲垎灞呮垨鎾ら攢濠氬Щ鐨勬儏鍐电帇瀛愬コ鐢辩埗姣嶄綍鏂规姎鍏汇佸瓙濂冲簲鍙椾箣鎵跺吇鍙婃壎鍏绘柟寮忥紝鍧囩敱鐖舵瘝鍗忚纭 A 璇ュ崗璁繀椤荤粡娉曢櫌璁ゅ彲 锛氬鍗忚涓嶇鍚堟湭鎴愬勾瀛愬コ鐨勫埄鐩 锛屽寘鎷瓙 锛屼笉鐩存帴鎵跺吇鑷繁鐨勭埗鎴栨瘝涓鏂逛繚鎸佸瘑鍒囧叧绯荤殑鍒╃泭锛屾硶闄㈤』鎷掔粷缁 4 鍒 锛 濡傚崗璁笉鎴 锛屽垯娉曢櫌椤讳綔鍑虹鍚堟湭鎴愬勾瀛愬コ鍒╃泭鐨勮鍐 锛屽苟寰楀皢 瀛愬コ浜ょ敱鐖舵瘝浠讳竴鏂圭収椤俱傚鏈垚骞村瓙濂崇殑瀹夊叏銆佸仴搴枫侀亾寰峰煿
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